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Monday, 25 May 2015

Cerita Hantu Asrama -Repost dari member

Hantu Asrama 1
Kisah ni berlaku pada sebuah sekolah berasrama penuh di kawasan pantai timur... bukan aku la yang kena, aku pun dengar cerita je. Ceritanya macam ni....... kat asrama pompuan... ada la sorang budak pompuan ni yang rajin study sampai memalam buta kat bilik prep dia. Satu malam tu dia tak sedar yang dia dah tinggal sorang kat bilik study tu.
Dia pun study la dengan khusyuknya... sampai satu part dia tak paham, dia nak tanya la kat 'member' dia yang kat sebelah tu... dia tak sedar lagi benda tu bukan orang.... masa dia nak tanya tu matanya terpandang kat bawah meja budak ni, dia perasan 'member' tu takde kaki. Peh tu dia kata "Takpe la, dah ingat camna nak buat," lebih kurang camtu la dia
cakap sambil berkira-kira nak blah secepat mungkin. Yang 'member' tu lak kata "Dah ingat ke dah tahu....????" maksudnya dah tahu ke yang dia tu hantu... budak ni terus lari balik dorm dia.... Bila dia cerita kat senior, ada yang cerita dulu ada sorang budak pompuan ni yang mati bunuh diri sebab tension belajar masa nak ambik SPM. Mungkin tu la hantu dia
yang still study tak abih-abih.... Lepas tu budak ni pun dah tak study sampai lewat malam lagi... Takoot siottt..... Korang caya tak? Kalau tak caya terpulanglah.......
Hantu Asrama 2
Kali ni aku nak cerita pasal kisah hantu di hostel sebuah universiti tempatan. Idak ler seram sangat sampai hantu tu menunjuk muka... tapi kira cara halus ni la yang buat orang bertambah suspen. Ceritanya pendek jer... benda ni berlaku kat hostel perempuan.. masa tu girlfriend kawan aku baru balik discussion. Biasa la.. budak U. Malam tu room mate dia
takde, buat assignment ngan kengkawan dia yang lain. Dia dah tak kisah dah sebab dah biasa kena tinggal. Entah kenapa malam tu dia terasa mengantuk sangat padahal waktu tu kira masih awal untuk dia tidur. Dia tidur kat katil tingkat atas. Dia tidur katil double decker, kat tingkat atas. Biasanya kalau dalam bilik tuh dia la operator telefon... sebab
biasanya ramai yang tukang telefon dia... Petang tu dia ada la buat panggilan. Okay jek... Esoknya bila dia bangun, dia tengok atas meja gagang telefon dia dah tercabut. Dia ingat room mate dia tak boleh tido sebab telefon selalu berdering peh tuh cabut gagang telefon. Tapi pelik la jugak.. biasanya orang kalau nak cabut pun dia cabut wayar belakang,
tapi nih cabut wayar gagang telefon. Ah, lantak la.. dia fikir. Lepas tu room mate dia masuk. Baru balik. Dia tanya la kenapa kawan dia tu cabut wayar gagang telefon. Kawan dia terkejut sebab dia baru balik dari bilik kawan yang satu course ngan dia. Dia tidur kat sana. Yang minah nih terkejut la... sapa pulak yang cabut wayar gagang telefon nih? Nak kata
dia tak kunci bilik... bilik diorang nih memang takleh bukak dari luar... unless kalau ada kunci. Nak kata dia mengigau..... dia la yang paling rajin nak angkat tipon.. lagi pun takkan dia boleh terfikir nak cabut wayar gagang telefon... (gagang telefon terletak jauh dari telefon
dan dalam keadaan terlentang). Paling tidak angkat gagang telefon letak tepi atau cabut wayar telefon tu sendiri. Aku tak tau la benda apa yang mengganggu dia... tapi dah dua kali dia alami benda yang sam sejak baru bukak semester kedua nih.
Hantu Asrama 3
Assalamualaikum.....Sebenarnya aku dah lali dengan cerita-cerita seram ni. Tapi untuk tatapan dan renungan kita semua aku gagahkan diri untuk ceritakan satu daripada beribu-ribu pengalaman ngeri untuk ruangan Atuk ini.
Kisah ini berlaku kira-kira lima tahun yang lalu. Waktu itu aku ditingkatan dua dan tinggal di asrama. Aku ni terkenal dengan sifat yang tak reti takut. Memang sejak kecil lagi aku telah diajar oleh ayahku untuk tidak takut pada hantu. Menurut ayah ku..." Hantu dan syaitan ni nak pegang kita pun tak dapat inikan pula nak cubit.." Itulah kata-kata ayahku yang membuatkan aku berani sehingga kini walaupun pada hakikatnya aku seorang perempuan yang lemah lembut.
Sekolah aku terletak di sebuah kawasan yang boleh dikatakan indah dan nyaman. Lagipun di situ kawasan kampung. Asrama yang aku duduki berada di dalam kawasan sekolah. Jadi senanglah untuk kami pelajar pelajar asrama untuk berulang alik. Kebetulan pada semester tersebut pihak sekolah aku bercadang untuk menambahkan lagi satu blok asrama untuk menampung bilangan pelajar yang kian meningkat. Jadi setelah dipersetujui, Akhirnya kerja-kerja membina pun dilakukan bersebelah dengan blok asrama puteri yang lama.
Pada mulanya pembinaan itu berjalan dengan lancar sehinggalah suatu hari.......
Petang itu aku pulang daripada sekolah kira-kira jam 3 petang bersama-sama empat kawan ku yang lain. Setelah menyalin pakaian, kami bercadang untuk bermain tenis di gelangang yang berdekatan. Sewaktu kami menuruni tangga untuk ke gelangang berkenaan tiba-tiba kami terdengar suara lelaki sedang menjerit dan diikuti dengan dentuman yang kuat. Kami dapat mengesan arah bunyi tersebut. Tak silap lagi ianya datang dari arah tapak pembinaan asrama baru. Kami segera bergegas ke sana. Setibanya di situ kami terkejut besar apabila kami dapati seorang pekerja berbangsa Cina telah jatuh dari bangunan tesebut. Kawan-kawan pekerja tersebut segera mendapatkan beliau. Aku dan kawan-kawanku tergamam. Tubuh pekerja berkenaan dibasahi dengan darah. Aku yakin dia telah mati memandangkan keadaan kepalanya yang bercerai dari badan. Kawanku , Mila tiba-tiba pengsan. Aku terpaku di situ.
Pada malam tersebut kami tidak dapat tidur dengan nyenyak tambahan lagi kami adalah orang pertama yang menyaksikan kejadian itu. Warden asrama menasihati kami supaya bawa bertenang. Tetapi aku benar-benar tidak dapat melupakan kejadian itu lebih-lebih lagi jika teringatkan keadaan tubuh mangsa yang amat mengerikan. Malam makin larut. Aku cuba melelapkan mataku. Tiba-tiba aku terdengar seperti ada sesuatu yang sedang menghampiriku. Aku meluaskan pandangan kesekeliling. Mataku liar mencari benda tersebut. Hidung ku mula terbau sesuatu yang hanyir. Darah! Aku tersentak. Aku mendongak ke atas. Aku dapati darah mengalir dari kipas siling. Banyak sekali ! Aku beranikan diri untuk bangun. Mata ku tiba-tiba tertumpu ke arah kawanku Mila. Ya Allah, Aku lihat beberapa orang berjubah kuning sedang mengelilinginya. Aku beranikan diriku untuk menghampiri mereka. Kawan- kawanku yang sedorm sudah lama dibuai mimpi. Dengan keyakinan aku menegur orang-orang yang berjubah kuning berkenaan. " Siapa anda semua ?" Mereka tidak menjawab pertanyaan aku. Aku mula syak sesuatu. Aku beranikan diri lagi dengan memegang salah seorang daripada mereka. Tetapi... Tangan ku bolos. Ternyata mereka tidak menghiraukan kedatangan aku. Aku terpinga.. Mereka bangun dari katil Mila dan menuju ke tingkap yang bertentangan dengan tempat kemalangan petang tadi. Aku dapat melihat dengan jelas mereka menembusi dinding asrama dan terus melayang ke angkasa. Aku terpegun.
Tiba-tiba lamunan aku tersentak apabila dikejutkan oleh suara kawanku Lin. Rupanya bukan aku seorang yang menyaksikan peristiwa itu, Lin juga sempat menyaksikannya. Lin kelihatan begitu takut, dia menanggis. Badannya terasa panas dan menggigil. Aku cuba menenangkannya. Lin dapat juga aku tenangkan. Lega rasanya bila dia kembali seperti sediakala. Kami bercerita panjang tentang pengalaman masing-masing melihat peristiwa yang berlaku tadi. Lin menyatakan padaku yang dia ternampak ada dua orang lelaki berjubah kuning hendak memukul aku dengan Kayu Tas dari arah belakang. Tetapi mereka tidak berjaya kerana dihalang oleh seorang lagi lelaki berjubah kuning yang lain. Aku betul-betul terkejut. Aku bertanyakan Lin samaada dia nampak atau tidak lelaki berjubah kuning mengelilingi Mila. Dia jawab TIDAK. Aku semakin hairan. Bagaimana dua peristiwa boleh berlaku dalam waktu yang sama tetapi berlainan keadaan.
Cuma ketika lelaki-lelaki berjubah kuning itu melayang ke angkasa sahaja kami dapat menyaksikan peristiwa yang sama. Angin malam semakin dingin. Suasana semakin suram. Aku dan Lin masih tidak dapat tidur. Tiba-tiba.... "Aaaaaaaaaaaaaa....." Suara orang menjerit seperti diserang sesuatu kedengaran dari tingkat atas asrama. Serentak dengan itu juga kedengaran bunyi dentuman yang kuat dari arah yang sama.
Aku bergegas keluar. Aku lihat penghuni penghuni yang lain juga tercengang-cengang di luar dorm. Masing-masing tertanya apakah yang berlaku. Warden juga kelihatan terpinga-pinga. Suara jeritan dan lolongan tadi semakin menjadi-jadi. Kali ini bukan lagi seorang tetapi ramai. Aku semakin ingin tahu.
Warden meminta sesiapa yang berani untuk mengikutnya naik ke atas. Aku dan lima orang lagi rakan mengikut warden naik ke atas. Setibanya kami di sana kami dapati beberapa orang penghuni dorm Emas sedang merangkak di kaki lima seperti biawak. Aku mengucap panjang. Kami cuba menangkap mereka tetapi tidak berjaya kerana bilangan yang hendak ditangkap lebih banyak dari yang menangkap. Warden mengarahkan penghuni yang tidak naik ke atas untuk mendapatkan bantuan dari warden aspura.
Bantuan yang diharapkan sia-sia sahaja kerana tidak seorang pun warden aspura yang terjaga termasuklah penghuni aspura sendiri. Kami mula cemas. Bilangan penghuni yang dirasuk semakin banyak iaitu kira-kira sebelas orang dan bersamaan dengan satu dorm berkenaan. Mereka menjerit, melolong dan tak kurang pula yang mengilai. Kami terpaksa mengepung mereka. Warden mengarahkan supaya kami membaca apa sahaja ayat suci yang kami ingat sambil mengawasi mereka.
Keadaan semakin kelam kabut apabila ada yang dirasuk itu mula bertindak liar. Mereka mula berlari menuruni tangga. kami tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa lagi.Hendak ditangkap memang tidak berdaya. Kami tawakal kepada Allah. Di bawah mereka mula mengoncangkan pagar yang memagari kawasan aspuri. Warden meminta supaya kami beramai -ramai memegang mereka supaya mereka tidak merobohkan pagar untuk lari keluar. Mereka meraung raung. Di saat aku memegang salah seorang daripada mereka aku rasakan seperti tubuhku digoncang dengan begitu kuat. Aku mula membaca Ayat Kursi. Kegilaannya semakin menjadi jadi. Aku menempeleng muka budak berkenaan. Dia pengsan. Menyedari perbuatan aku itu berkesan, kami beramai-ramai menempeleng kesebelas belas penghuni berkenaan. Mereka pengsan. Seraya dengan itu azan Subuh berkumandang dengan sayupnya.
Pagi itu ramai di antara kami yang tidak ke sekolah kerana letih. Apabila di tanya kepada penghuni yang dirasuk apa yang terjadi semalam, mereka hanya menjawab mereka tidur dengan nyenyak sekali. Bila kami menceritakan apa yang berlaku semalam mereka bagaikan tidak percaya. Berita dirasuk beramai ramai sampai ke pengetahuan penghuni aspura. Mereka juga terkejut kerana tidak seorang pun yang mendengar bunyi orang menjerit.
Malam itu kami mengadakan sembahyang hajat beramai ramai untuk meminta dijauhkan dari sebarang malapetaka. Pengetua juga menasihati kami supaya tidak mengingati peristiwa berkenaan. Menurutnya lagi peristiwa berkenaan hanyalah untuk menguji kesabaran kami. Aku tidak dapat merumuskan samaada peristiwa berkenaan ada kaitannya dengan kematian pekerja di tapak binaan.
Tetapi ada cerita yang mengatakan kematian pekerja berkenaan dirancang oleh abangnya sendiri dan rohnya ingin menuntut bela. Allahualam...Bagi aku peristiwa ini adalah suatu pengalaman yang amat berharga...

Legal Aid in Family court ?

Law is  for all, citizens have the right to access justice and a fair trial. Everyone struggled for justice and are often left helpless with many problem. However with legal aid, it grants  people to understand their legal obligations.[1] Legal aid covers both criminal and civil law, and helps those with financial difficulties as well as those who  need assistance in legal services.
For the past years, [2]family court allowed legal aid in divorce cases , dissolution of civil partnership, providing experienced solicitors dealing with private family matters as domestic violence or child abuse cases ,and even if the child is at risk of abuse or experiening abusive treatment from parents or guardian the legal aid will provide neccessary procedure such that protection order from family court which prevent the child from contacting abuser. Moreover, it helped the family court reducing overloads of cases.

Discussion :
On 1st April 2013 civil and family matters were removed from scope of  by the government drastically restrict access to legal aid in family cases.[3]It was said that legal aid  will be no longer available in private cases unless claimant fall into certain exception.These exception falls for examples ,where applicant having domestic violence or involves in forced marriage, or allegations of child abuse or any relevant circumstances (Gray,2013). [4]One of famous lawyer who regularly wrote about family issues, Rachel Horman in her  blog opined her dissatisfaction ‘’ Although the government will still allow legal aid in cases of Domestic Violence the definition  is very strict and many Domestic Violence victims simply will not fulfil the criteria which will inevitably lead to them suffering further incidents of domestic violence until they are deemed to be worthy of legal aid. ‘’ (Horman,2014)
Many problem arises from removal of legal aid, as well as many legal expertise voice out their view against the cuts in legal aid.[5]In written submission  the board comprises most senior judges in England and Wales including Lord chief justice,Lord Thomas, the Master of the Rolls, Lord Dyson, the president of the Queen's Bench, Sir Brian Leveson, and the president of the family court, Sir James Munby. implies that the Ministry of Justice policy motives to reduce the budget may have been disadvantageous .[6]Their evidence has been sent to the Commons justice select committee which looking into the effect of changes introduced by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders (LASPO) Act 2012.
[7]One of the most severe impact has been on security in court, the judge said. "litigants themselves sometimes come to court with a group of friends or  family as support. The tension can be felt high between rival in the waiting area. Sometimes unpredictable violence occur. This leads to a smaller court (usually a district court) is not prepared to handle the incident. Also that  there is potential danger to judges, court staff and the public alike. '' In one incident last year in Southend district court, estranged father attacked his wife with a knife in the middle of a hearing
 Likewise , as highlighted in the article ‘’ [8]The impact of legal aid cuts on Family Justice –Report by the family court Unions Parlimentary Group-April 2014. ‘’Access to justice is now only available to those who can afford it. This has resulted in entrenched and dragging court cases, as people are left with no other choices but to represent themselves as litigants in person despite lack of knowledge in law. [9]Statistic  shows increase in family law cases where people absolutely represent themselves without legal adviser .Such that  figures obtained by a Freedom of Information (FoI) shows rise in the number of people representing family courts without a lawyer of around 30 per cent following dramatic cuts to the legal aid budget. The impact was not just for the couples but also the children.(Bowcott,2014)[10] In an attempt to save £350m a year, the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) changed the rules from April last year so that some cases, including divorce and child-custody proceedings,are no longer eligible for public funding. (Swinburne,Johnston,2014)
In addition impact from the withdrawal of legal aid ,recent case shows an example of how illiterate and poor class of people suffered without legal aid. [11]Where Judge Hallam during the proceeding voice out her view as well as disapproved the injustice of the newly pared-back legal aid system after an illiterate mother of four, with poor sight and hearing, was forced to represent herself in a court hearing over the custody of her children.She added  that the woman, was not been given opportunity of a fair trial and that she believed others around country were also being let down. [12]Hallam told the hearing : “If legal aid is being refused to people such as this, I am satisfied that injustices will occur … Mothers in her situation should have proper and full access to the court with the assistance of legal advice.” Even Senior judge Hallam expressed her dissatisfaction of the system.(Boffey,2014)

Although withdrawal of legal aid said to have injustice and it is easy to imagine couple with disputes of trivial issues(Boffey,2013).[13] It will affect major claim and good example of of difficulties with cutsback was Re T(children) where claims of granparents abuse their grandchild and unable to bear cost of legal adviser these two parties joined care proceedings and borrowed £55000 to fund their defence of allegations.When the allegations was found entirely baseless ,grandparents completely discharged. Then they were left with legal bill which would take them 15 years to settle it . The supreme court while taking account to this positions held that local authority should not ordered them for any fees.Its really hard to justify that those who have to go through high debt for such baseless case.The supreme court raised article 6 of the Echr which guarantess rights for  fair trial.

As just mentioned case , legal action in the future may be focused on the extent to which the restrictions on legal aid violate the human rights of undermine people.

[14]Such in Airey v Ireland ,failed to provide legal aid to a woman to help her in separating from her husband allegedly violent and alchoholic as she violated her rights under Article 6 because the court had been denied access to the power, and Article 8 because she could not ensure protection of rights in her respect for her private and family life. The court took account of the entanglement procedures and legislation which need to present evidence and examine witnesses and use of expert evidence also her own ability and condition. Refer to this, marriage disputes often involve emotion involved party who hardly compatible with the degree of objectivity required by support at court. Using these criteria, the court would appear to give appropriate assessments for legal aid.

Conclusion :

It can be say that  the impact of legal aid cuts on the family courts of Uk and Wales has been devastating and continuosly have impact on family court . The cuts in legal aid described as savage[15]’’ and breathtaking[16]’’ by leading family law experts such that Marvis Maclean argues where the cuts affected few cases that require interventions of skilled expertise dealing with child during the court process is either in danger or being undone. [17]The false assumptions that individual will deals in mediation rather than courts and those who suffering mental health or having learning difficulties or limited English abilities would use the mediation method is completely bizarre. ‘’
[18]The impact of legal aid cuts have to be reform Caplen  suggest although government have its reasons for the legal aid cuts but the impacts are mostly suffered by citizens.He added that there's a need to ensure that lawyers are properly paid to attract the right people. We need to show how money spent early helps but also show we are innovative. You have a real fight on your hands but a fight is always a nice thing to have when the cause is just and justice is a just cause."(Bowcott,2014)

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Bibliography and Further Reading


·         Legal Aid ,https://www.gov.uk/legal-aid/overview,Accessed :1st December 2014

·         Gray , Jun2013 ;Legal Aid cuts What has Changed: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22936684 ;Accessed:5th December 2014

·         Horman ,2014 ;Legal Advice For Domestic Abuse Victim: http://www.rachelhorman.co.uk/legal-advice-for-domestic-abuse-victims/ ;Accessed :5th December2014

·         Bowcott ;May 2014; Judges on Legal Aid Cuts; http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/14/judges-legal-aid-cuts; Accessed; 5th December 2014

·         The impact of legal aid cuts on Family Justice –Report by the family court Unions Parlimentary Group-April 2014.

·         Swinburne,Johnston March 2014 ;Cuts to legal aid force more people to represent themselves; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cuts-to-legal-aid-force-more-people-to-represent-themselves-9179087.html; Accessed ; 5th December 2014

·         Boffey,2 November 2014 ; Legal aid cuts denied mother a fair hearing, says senior judge; http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/nov/02/legal-aid-cuts-




judge-louise-hallam; Accessed 5thDecember2014

·         Herring ,;2013 The Family Justice Review and Reform of Legal Aid;Longman Series, Sixth Edition Page 40-41

·         Maclean (2011)-‘Family Law in Hard times’Journey of Social Welfare and family alw33;309.

·         Hunter(2011)’Doing Violence to Family Law ‘,Journal Of Social Welfare and Family Law33;343

·         House of common Justice Committee (2011)- Herring ,;2013 The Family Justice Review and Reform of Legal Aid; Longman Series, Sixth Edition Page 40-41

·         [1] Bowcott , September 2014 ; Chris Rayling Used Bluff and bully tactics to push legal aid cuts ; http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/sep/08/chris-grayling-legal-aid-cuts-judicial-review-challenge ;Accessed;5th December 2014-12-05




[1]-2 Legal Aid ,https://www.gov.uk/legal-aid/overview,Accessed :1st December 2014

[3] Gray , Jun2013 ;Legal Aid cuts What has Changed: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-22936684 ;Accessed:5th December 2014
[4] Horman ,2014 ;Legal Advice For Domestic Abuse Victim: http://www.rachelhorman.co.uk/legal-advice-for-domestic-abuse-victims/ ;Accessed :5th December2014
[5]-10 Bowcott ;May 2014; Judges on Legal Aid Cuts; http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/14/judges-legal-aid-cuts ;Accessed; 5th December 2014


8 The impact of legal aid cuts on Family Justice –Report by the family court Unions Parlimentary Group-April 2014.
10 -14 Swinburne,Johnston March 2014 ;Cuts to legal aid force more people to represent themselves; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cuts-to-legal-aid-force-more-people-to-represent-themselves-9179087.html
Accessed ; 5th December 2014

[11]-12 Boffey,2 November 2014 ; Legal aid cuts denied mother a fair hearing, says senior judge; http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/nov/02/legal-aid-cuts-judge-louise-hallam; Accessed 5thDecember2014


[13] - 18 Herring ,;2013 The Family Justice Review and Reform of Legal Aid;Longman Series, Sixth Edition Page 40-41

[15] Maclean (2011)
[16] Hunter(2011)
[17] House of common Justice Committee (2011)- Herring ,;2013 The Family Justice Review and Reform of Legal Aid; Longman Series, Sixth Edition Page 40-41
[18] Bowcott , September 2014 ; Chris Rayling Used Bluff and bully tactics to push legal aid cuts ; http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/sep/08/chris-grayling-legal-aid-cuts-judicial-review-challenge ;Accessed;5th December 2014-12-05

Preliminary Ruling-Art 267 and doctrine of state liabilty

There are two parts of questions, the first part discussed about preliminary ruling; Art 267 TFEU roles and ability of ECJ reject cases. There are also discussion on court of last instance and the obligation of Art 267(3) TFEU, and Art 267(2) discretion to refer by the court.
Whereas the second part of the questions is about, the doctrine of state liability established in Francovich, and how the doctrine were interpreted in later cases. Also member states but escaped from paying the loss suffered by the individual affected by the breach.
The first part of questions as follows.
Preliminary ruling procedure, Art 267 TFEU linked as bridge between the national courts and the ECJ so that a national court, when dealing with a particular case concerning EC law able to make reference before ECJ. The Art 267 TFEU makes it possible for national courts to communicate with ECJ. The objectionable of this procedure is to ensure uniform application of the EC law throughout the Community.[1]
Initially, Court of justice stated that it was up to member states consider whether reference was necessary, Da Costa (28-30/62). As the number of cases before the court of justice increased and abundant backlog rose up, the court of justice been stimulate to start considering whether all the reference were entirely necessary. So the court considered validity of some references and seldom refused references, in its own reason as of abuse of the system. This to reduce substantial unnecessary cases from overload the Eu legal system, saved money and time.



Such example of case ,Foglia v Novello is crucial concerned a contract wine between French buyer and Italian supplier where court of justice refused the reference of the stipulated clause on the ground there are no genuine dispute between parties.[2]
Other than that, where the court also refused jurisdiction in Meilicke ADV/ORGA (C-83/91).The court of justice held that the reason for that refusal because limited information provided, involved in directive addressed to member states, which beyond challenge of individual via Art 263 TFEU, likely influenced Ecj in its decision. There also arises questions on whether European court of justice justified in refusing reference.[3].
Moving on, discussions about Ecj in its approach to exceptions to the duty to refer of courts ‘against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy. The related statutory provision are Art 267(2) and Art 267(3).These are courts of permissive and Mandatory Jurisdiction where distinction between ‘’may’’ and ‘’must” refer respectively highlighted in both jurisdiction.[4]
Under Art 267(3)TFEU ,court or tribunal of member state against whose decisions there in no judicial remedy under national law may bring before ECJ. Such examples of cases as follows, Da costa (28-30/62) ,Costa v Enel (6/64) and CILFIT (283/81) which essentially required there be materially identical question to be resolved before a national court of last instance can be reassured of the obligation to refer.[5]
From CILFIT case, which refers Art 234(3) not accurate one and guidelines which the court of justice laid down in CILFIT, would relieve the national court of the obligation to make reference, suggest that national courts have more discretion than that provided by Art 267 TFEU. [6]
In this judgement, the ECJ set the conditions where the national courts of the highest instance may chose to refrain from making a preliminary ruling procedure.[7]
The ECJ ruled that “a court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law is required, where a question of Community law is heightened before it, to comply with the obligation to bring the matter before the Court of Justice, unless it has established :-
[a] the question raised is irrelevant or
 [b] That the Community provision in question has already been interpreted by the Court or
[c] That the correct application of Community law is so obvious as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt.”[8]
The French principle of acte clair is that national court need not make any reference when the EU law is so clear that the consequence of the case is not doubt. Although this point is now confirmed in the 2011 guidelines (OJ2011 C160/01), the court of justice also provided in CILFIT that before the obligation to refer satisfied,, the national court should be ensure that outcome would equally understandable to the courts in other member state, by taking account on different usage of language which in practice would be close to if not impossible to achieve. Hence, the view that only materially identical cases not require reference is made.[9]

The court of last instance which appropriate ruling on validity are governed by art 267(3) and the court of justice confirmed that declaration of validity must be referred but equally if a decision on validity has already been made on the same provision. This has general effect which all court may follow (see the ICC case (66/80).
The other case, Kobbler(c-224/01) and Traghetti (C-173/03) have re-accentuate obligation of last instance court to refer rather than rely on acte Clair. Thus when interpreting EC law, the national courts of last instance do not have their hands as wide open as they only interpreting national law. It should stress that the national courts of last instance do interpret the provisions of Eu law nevertheless; their scope of interpretation is substantially diminished by the CILFIT conditions.[10]
Whereby, lower national courts requiring interpretation have discretion to refer but would also able to apply previous judgements of the court of justice. Whilst not expressly stated, the application of the Da costa principle would be logical.
 In Foto-Frost(314/85) lower court with question of validity have discretion to refer or appealing to higher court to decide the matter examined that they necessary to do so. As mentioned, guidelines of 2011 and the Zuckerfabrik case (C-143/88) and (C-92/89), provided exception where urgent matter required provisional measures suspending the application of an EU measure whilst preliminary ruling was sought.




The second part of discussion as follows.
The ECJ recognised  Francovich  where ruled principle of state liability for breaches of EU  law  built in the EU legal system .The principle was further developed in Brasserie du PĂȘcheur and Factortame.[11]
Francovich v Italy (1990) C-6/90 ,Italian government liable to pay compensation to individuals when the member state's failure to implement an EU directive 80/987 which contained guidelines of law regarding protections for the employees in the event where the insolvency of employees.[12] In Francovich, the ECJ indicate that full effectiveness of Eu law be impaired and protection of the rights, which individuals derive from it, be depleted if individuals unable to obtain remedies when their rights are infringed by a breach of EC law for which a Member State can be held responsible.[13]
On the basis Francovich brought in conditions, citizens are able to sue for non-implementation of directive .Firstly, directive should grant rights to individuals. Secondly, should be possible to identify content of the rights on the wording of the measure. Final condition is that, there should be causal link between the breach of member state and loss or damages suffered by the individuals. When these conditions satisfied the individual may successfully continue against member state for failure to implement the directives and causes substantial loss.[14]
In Brasserie du Pecheur v Germany and Factortame v UK (C-46 and 48/93) the Ecj extended the principle of state liability to all violations whatever organ of the state causes the infraction.
 Besides that ,jurisprudence has determined how serious the breach to incur state liability and such evidence of the case would be British Telecommunication plc (1996) in which involved failed claim alleged improper implementation of council directive 90/153. It was said that UK implementing contrary to directives and therefore error was held excusable although the relevant provision of the directive were sufficiently unclear.[15]
Other than that, Brinkman (1998) ECJ an incorrect tax classification by Denmark was not sufficiently serious to found liability and the same mistake of interpretation made by the member state. By looking at both cases, its evidence that member state has discretion to decide what action to be taken in implementation or what are the excusable errors allowed which resulting standard of fault for liability will be higher. This causes the compensation harder to gain. It has to make sure that in order to impose liability against state, the obligation of member state to implement directives clear and the breach of non-implemented must be obvious.[16]
Other than that ,Traghetti del Mediterraneo v Italy (2006) , where Ecj rejected a requirement of intentional fault in case of state liability for loss suffered by individual by reason to an infringement of community law attributable to national court adjucating at last instance could incurred in exceptional case where court manifested infringed applicable law.17
From all those cases ,seen clear link between direct effect and state liability but can it be said that state liability deliver one purpose and cause to ineffectiveness of horizontal direct effect.
There are those that would argue that, indeed true as lack of horizontal direct effect means certain EU law rights given to individuals are not protected, and additionally, obligations placed on individuals aren’t sustained.
As a result of the unfairness produced it is only reasonable that these individuals are able to seek compensation, and as the State at misdeed for not enforcing these EU rights, should be liable for any loss suffered. Therefore, it can be said that State Liability was created only to amend the injustice caused by not allowing horizontal direct effect.
On the other hand, it can be argued that State Liability is necessary principle of EU law as it also applies in situations of direct effect and in situations where national courts have made incorrect decisions on EU law. Based on the various circumstances in which State Liability applies, it can be said that it is a principle created not only for situations of horizontal direct effect, but to generally ensure that individual’s EU rights are upheld, and where these rights are not upheld or protected, that the individual is able to seek compensation for any loss suffered.[17]

In conclusion, doctrine of State Liability is genuine contribution ensuring that individuals can enforce rights conferred. To say that State Liability exists only to opposing ineffectiveness of horizontal direct effect. These there are many other situations in which State Liability applies and is useful are not given any importance. Personally, this as it allows individuals to be compensated in a various circumstances where the rights handed to them by EU law not protected or upheld.





Words:2000 words


Bibliography
1.      Website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/Themis/Civil/Paper3_en.asp: Judicial Cooperation in civil matters :State liability for judicial Breaches of Community Law (accessed on 15 April 2015)
2.      Nigel Foster (F),Eu Law Q&A,Edition:2013 &2014,Chapter 5’’ Jurisdiction of the court of justice’’Publisher:Oxford University Press,Year:2013
3.      BBC ONLINE NEWS Website:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8160808.stm, Date updated :21July 2009,(accessed on 13 April 2015)
4.      Website :Ivanarose.weebly.com/article-267.html,Law Revision:Art 267 Preliminary Rulings,(accessed on 14 April 2015)
5.      Website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/Themis/Civil/Paper3_en.asp: Judicial Cooperation in civil matters :State liability for judicial Breaches of Community Law (accessed on 15 April 2015)
6.      Tony Storey and Chris Turner,Unlocking EU law 3rd edition,:7.5.6 Academic Reaction to Acte Clair,Publisher:Routledge,NY ,Year2011
7.      Jessica Guth(G) and Tim Connor(G),EU Law Express,Chapter 5:Enforcement in the member states:Direct Effect,Indirect Effect and State Liabilty,Published:Pearson Education Limited ,Year:2012
8.      August Reinisch(R) ,Essential EU Law,Chapter: Effect of Union Law ,4.9 Are there any remedies if directives are not directly effectives



[1]Website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/Themis/Civil/Paper3_en.asp: Judicial Cooperation in civil matters :State liability for judicial Breaches of Community Law (accessed on 15 April 2015)
[2] Nigel Foster (F),Eu Law Q&A,Edition:2013 &2014,Chapter 5’’ Jurisdiction of the court of justice’’Publisher:Oxford University Press,Year:2013
[3] BBC ONLINE NEWS Website:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8160808.stm, Date updated :21July 2009,(accessed on 13 April 2015)
[4] Website :Ivanarose.weebly.com/article-267.html,Law Revision:Art 267 Preliminary Rulings,(accessed on 14 April 2015)
[5] Nigel Foster (F),Eu Law Q&A,Edition:2013 &2014,Chapter 5’’ Jurisdiction of the court of justice’’Publisher:Oxford University Press,Year:2013
[6] Nigel Foster (F),Eu Law Q&A,Edition:2013 &2014,Chapter 5’’ Jurisdiction of the court of justice’’Publisher:Oxford University Press,Year:2013
[7] Website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/Themis/Civil/Paper3_en.asp: Judicial Cooperation in civil matters :State liability for judicial Breaches of Community Law (accessed on 15 April 2015)
[8] Website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/Themis/Civil/Paper3_en.asp: Judicial Cooperation in civil matters :State liability for judicial Breaches of Community Law (accessed on 15 April 2015)
[9] Tony Storey and Chris Turner,Unlocking EU law 3rd edition,:7.5.6 Academic Reaction to Acte Clair,Publisher:Routledge,NY ,Year2011
[10] Website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/Themis/Civil/Paper3_en.asp: Judicial Cooperation in civil matters :State liability for judicial Breaches of Community Law (accessed on 15 April 2015)
[11] Jessica Guth(G) and Tim Connor(G),EU Law Express,Chapter 5:Enforcement in the member states:Direct Effect,Indirect Effect and State Liabilty,Published:Pearson Education Limited ,Year:2012
[12] Jessica Guth(G) and Tim Connor(G),EU Law Express,Chapter 5:Enforcement in the member states:Direct Effect,Indirect Effect and State Liabilty,Published:Pearson Education Limited ,Year:2012
[13] Website: http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/cooperation/lisbonnetwork/Themis/Civil/Paper3_en.asp: Judicial Cooperation in civil matters :State liability for judicial Breaches of Community Law (accessed on 15 April 2015)
[14] Jessica Guth(G) and Tim Connor(G),EU Law Express,Chapter 5:Enforcement in the member states:Direct Effect,Indirect Effect and State Liabilty,Published:Pearson Education Limited ,Year:2012
[15] Jessica Guth(G) and Tim Connor(G),EU Law Express,Chapter 5:Enforcement in the member states:Direct Effect,Indirect Effect and State Liabilty,Published:Pearson Education Limited ,Year:2012
[16] Jessica Guth(G) and Tim Connor(G),EU Law Express,Chapter 5:Enforcement in the member states:Direct Effect,Indirect Effect and State Liabilty,Published:Pearson Education Limited ,Year:2012
17 August Reinisch(R) ,Essential EU Law,Chapter: Effect of Union Law ,4.9 Are there any remedies if directives are not directly effectives
[17] Nigel Foster (F),Eu Law Q&A,Edition:2013 &2014,Chapter 5’’ Jurisdiction of the court of justice’’Publisher:Oxford University Press,Year:2013